![]() įrom the 13th century until the end of the 18th century the language now known as Urdu was called Hindi, Hindavi, Hindustani, Dehlavi, Dihlawi, Lahori, and Lashkari. After the conquest of the Deccan, and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in medieval India as a vehicle of poetry, (especially under the Bahmanids), and is known as Dakhini, which contains loanwords from Telugu and Marathi. ![]() An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century. In cities such as Delhi, the ancient language Old Hindi began to acquire many Persian loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani". The contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures during the period of Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent (12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb. It belongs to the Western Hindi group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages. In the Delhi region of India the native language was Khariboli, whose earliest form is known as Old Hindi (or Hindavi). Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) Apabhraṃśa register of the preceding Shauraseni language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani language. Earlier it was known as Hindvi, Hindi and Hindustani. In late 18th century, it was known as Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla زبانِ اُرْدُوئے مُعَلّٰی means language of the exalted camp. ![]() The name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780 for Hindustani language even though he himself also used Hindavi term in his poetry to define the language. Īccording to 2022 estimates by Ethnologue and The World Factbook, produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Urdu is the 10th-most widely spoken language in the world, with 230 million total speakers, including those who speak it as a second language. Deccani, an older form used in southern India, became a court language of the Deccan sultanates by the 16th century. Since the partition of India in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in Delhi and Lucknow. Religious, social, and political factors arose during the European colonial period that advocated a distinction between Urdu and Hindi, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy. In 1837, Urdu became an official language of the British East India Company, replacing Persian across northern India during Company rule Persian had until this point served as the court language of various Indo-Islamic empires. While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from Persian, formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit consequently, the two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases. Urdu has been described as a Persianised register of the Hindustani language Urdu and Hindi share a common Sanskrit- and Prakrit-derived vocabulary base, phonology, syntax, and grammar, making them mutually intelligible during colloquial communication. It is also spoken as a minority language in Afghanistan and Bangladesh, with no official status. ![]() In Nepal, Urdu is a registered regional dialect and in South Africa it is a protected language in the constitution. In India, Urdu is an Eighth Schedule language whose status and cultural heritage is recognised by the Constitution of India and it also has an official status in several Indian states. It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, where it is also an official language alongside English. Urdu ( Nastaliq: اردو / ˈ ʊər d uː/ ALA-LC: Urdū) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official
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